Did you know that a fully modular kitchen can cost you up to ₹5,200 per square foot, while a semi-modular kitchen ranges from just ₹800 to ₹2,500 per square foot?
In fact, a complete straight-shaped semi-modular kitchen can be had for as little as ₹65,000, making it an attractive option for budget-conscious homeowners. Whether planning a kitchen renovation or building a new home, semi-modular kitchens offer the perfect balance between cost and functionality.
While maintaining existing structures like built-in countertops and sinks, these kitchens incorporate modular components for storage and design. This smart combination not only saves money but also ensures faster installation compared to fully modular options.
What Is a Semi-Modular Kitchen?
A semi-modular kitchen represents a strategic blend of factory-manufactured elements and on-site construction, offering homeowners the perfect middle ground between traditional and fully modular options. Unlike its fully modular counterpart, this hybrid approach works with existing structures while providing modern functionality.
Semi-modular kitchens are installed without necessitating structural changes to your existing kitchen space. The pre-existing fixtures like countertops, sinks, and tiles remain intact while custom modules are added around them. This approach is sometimes called a “civil kitchen” because it accommodates rather than replaces the original civil structures.
Key characteristics of semi-modular kitchens include:
- A combination of pre-fabricated units and custom-built elements
- Adaptation to existing structural constraints
- Greater flexibility in working around civil structures
- Budget-friendly pricing compared to fully modular options
- Partial customization options for cabinets and storage
The primary advantage lies in how these kitchens make judicious use of your resources by preserving elements that don’t need replacement. Furthermore, they offer 10-15% lower costs than fully modular kitchens, making them an economical choice for many homeowners.
Difference between modular and semi-modular kitchen
The fundamental distinction between these kitchen types becomes clear when examining their construction, flexibility, and cost factors:
| Feature | Semi-Modular Kitchen | Fully Modular Kitchen |
|---|---|---|
| Cost | 10-15% lower investment | Higher initial cost |
| Installation | Can be done in phases | Single-phase installation |
| Customization | High flexibility with mixed elements | Factory-limited options |
| Site Condition | Can work with/without civil changes | Typically requires civil changes |
| Structure | Partially immovable | Completely movable |
| Time | Usually exceeds 45 days | Can be delivered in 45 days |
| Space Utilization | Adaptable to existing layouts | Optimized through design |
| Material Options | Wide range of choices | Factory-specified materials |
Additionally, semi-modular kitchens allow for customizing cabinet dimensions according to specific requirements, providing flexibility that standard modular units might not offer. Despite this advantage, certain constraints exist since components like countertops cannot be dismantled, potentially limiting access to every corner of your kitchen.
Who should consider this option?
Based on the factual information, semi-modular kitchens are ideal for:
Budget-conscious homeowners: If you’re working with financial constraints, a semi-modular kitchen provides significant cost savings over fully modular options. First-time homeowners particularly benefit from this budget-friendly approach.
Existing home renovators: When your kitchen already has certain elements like granite countertops or sinks that you wish to retain, semi-modular designs work around these fixtures rather than replacing them. This makes them perfect for partial renovations.
Homeowners with irregular spaces: Kitchens with unusual layouts, pillars, or structural peculiarities are excellent candidates for semi-modular designs. Since semi-modular kitchens can adapt to irregular shapes and work around columns, they provide solutions where standard modular units might struggle.
Phased renovation planners: If you prefer updating your kitchen gradually rather than all at once, semi-modular kitchens allow installation in phases. This approach lets you spread costs over time while testing different design elements.
Customization enthusiasts: For those who enjoy mixing different styles or want to maintain certain existing features while upgrading others, semi-modular kitchens offer that flexibility. You can preserve cherished elements while incorporating new designs.
Although semi-modular kitchens provide numerous advantages, they do have limitations worth considering. Since they often involve working around existing structures, installation can sometimes be more time-consuming than with fully modular designs. Moreover, as cabinets frequently share sides with adjoining units, repairs specific to a single unit might prove challenging.
Despite these considerations, the flexibility, cost savings, and adaptation to existing structures make semi-modular kitchens an attractive option for many homeowners. The ability to customize while maintaining certain elements offers a practical compromise between traditional and fully modular kitchen designs.
Benefits of Choosing Semi-Modular Kitchen Designs
Choosing the right kitchen design can significantly impact both your budget and lifestyle. Semi-modular kitchens deliver several compelling advantages that make them increasingly popular among homeowners seeking a balance between cost and functionality.
Cost advantages over fully modular kitchens
First and foremost, semi-modular kitchens offer substantial financial benefits compared to their fully modular counterparts. The price difference is quite remarkable:
- Semi-modular kitchens typically cost 10-15% less than fully modular designs
- The price range for semi-modular kitchens falls between ₹800-₹2,500 per square foot
- For a straight-shaped kitchen layout, you’ll spend approximately ₹65,000-₹95,000 total
This cost-effectiveness stems from several factors. Semi-modular kitchens use pre-fabricated cabinets in standard sizes, streamlining the installation process. Additionally, they require less labor and have lower component costs. Perhaps most importantly, you can install a low-cost semi-modular kitchen design without modifying your existing kitchen structure, allowing for judicious use of resources.
The material and design choices significantly influence the final price. Yet even with premium options, semi-modular kitchens generally remain more affordable than traditional modular kitchens. This makes them particularly appealing to budget-conscious homeowners or those undertaking renovation projects.
Flexibility in design and customization
Beyond cost savings, semi-modular kitchens offer exceptional design versatility. Unlike fully modular kitchens with factory-limited options, semi-modular designs allow for extensive customization:
You can tailor cabinet dimensions specifically to your needs—adjusting height, width, and depth to create a truly personalized design. This level of customization means you can optimize every inch of available space, even in irregularly shaped kitchens or those with architectural constraints.
What makes semi-modular kitchens truly special is their ability to blend ready-made components with custom elements. This hybrid approach provides the perfect balance between standardization and personalization. You get the convenience of pre-manufactured units combined with the freedom to adapt them to your exact specifications.
For those who value esthetic flexibility, semi-modular kitchens shine. They come with numerous design options, allowing you to create everything from contemporary minimalist looks to more traditional styles.
Easier installation and maintenance
The practical benefits of semi-modular kitchens extend beyond design and cost considerations to installation and long-term care:
Installation of semi-modular kitchens requires less time compared to fully modular options, directly contributing to cost savings. The process involves assembling ready-made cabinets and shelves to form your ideal kitchen layout. Though timelines may vary, companies like Livspace claim to complete semi-modular kitchen installations in 45 days or less.
Maintenance presents another significant advantage. Semi-modular kitchens are simpler to maintain than fully modular alternatives because many components are easier to access. This accessibility means homeowners can often handle minor repairs independently without calling specialists.
Henceforth, if something goes wrong with your semi-modular kitchen, you typically won’t need expert assistance for minor damages or defects. This self-sufficiency translates to lower long-term maintenance costs and less hassle when issues arise.
Additionally, semi-modular kitchens allow for on-site repairs—parts can be brought in and replacements made right in your home. This convenience proves especially valuable for addressing wear and tear over time.
For those living in urban environments with busy lifestyles, a semi-modular kitchen offers both elegance and convenience. The combination of beauty, functionality, and easier maintenance makes it a practical choice for contemporary homeowners seeking both style and practicality.
Planning Your Budget for a Semi-Modular Kitchen
Creating your dream kitchen doesn’t have to deplete your savings. Before diving into design details, understanding the financial aspects of a semi-modular kitchen helps you plan realistically. Let’s explore how to budget effectively for this cost-effective option.
Average semi-modular kitchen price ranges
Setting realistic expectations starts with understanding typical price ranges. Semi-modular kitchens are significantly more affordable than fully modular alternatives, offering substantial savings while maintaining quality and esthetics.
The cost differential is noteworthy – semi-modular kitchens typically run 10-15% less expensive than their fully modular counterparts. In terms of per-square-foot pricing, semi-modular options range from approximately ₹800 to ₹2,500, whereas fully modular kitchens can cost between ₹3,500 to ₹5,200 per square foot.
For a straight-shaped kitchen layout, you might spend between ₹65,000 to ₹95,000 on a complete semi-modular setup. Meanwhile, professional interior experts indicate that pricing typically falls into three tiers:
- Basic Setup: Starting at approximately ₹850 per square foot for standard materials and simple designs
- Mid-Range Options: Between ₹1,200 to ₹1,500 per square foot for better quality materials like plywood or laminate finishes
- Premium Designs: Around ₹1,800 to ₹2,000 per square foot for high-end materials and advanced designs
Consequently, even a basic small semi-modular kitchen can be created for as little as ₹70,000, while premium versions might reach ₹5-6 lakhs for larger, more elaborate designs.
Cost breakdown by components
Understanding how different elements contribute to the total cost helps you allocate your budget wisely. Here’s a detailed breakdown of what you can expect to pay for various components:
| Component | Minimum Cost | Maximum Cost | Category |
|---|---|---|---|
| Base Cabinets | ₹10,000 | ₹40,000 | Essential |
| Wall Cabinets | ₹8,000 | ₹1,50,000 | Essential |
| Countertops | ₹17,000 | ₹60,000 | Essential |
| Sink | ₹2,000 | ₹10,000 | Essential |
| Faucet | ₹1,500 | ₹8,000 | Essential |
| Hardware & Accessories | ₹10,000 | ₹25,000 | Essential |
| Installation | ₹15,000 | ₹20,000 | Essential |
For materials, prices vary based on quality and type. Cabinetry costs approximately ₹1,200 to ₹2,500 per square foot for base cabinets and ₹900 to ₹2,000 per square foot for overhead cabinets. Countertop options range from granite (₹150-₹450 per square foot) to premium quartz (₹350-₹800 per square foot).
Shutter finishes substantially impact your budget too. Laminate finishes (₹200-₹400 per square foot) offer durability at a reasonable price, while acrylic (₹600-₹1,200 per square foot) and PU finishes (₹900-₹2,000 per square foot) provide premium esthetics at higher price points.
For a standard 10×8 ft semi-modular kitchen, expect to spend ₹1,10,000 to ₹1,90,000 excluding appliances.
Where to save vs. where to spend
Smart budgeting involves knowing which elements deserve investment and where you can economize without compromising quality.
Areas worth investing in:
- Cabinet quality – Opt for moisture-resistant materials in areas near sinks and water sources. However, standard MDF works well for overhead cabinets, helping reduce overall kitchen costs.
- Countertops – Granite offers the best balance between durability and affordability in India. It’s cost-effective, long-lasting, and requires minimal maintenance.
- Hardware – Quality hinges and drawer systems directly impact daily usability. Nevertheless, traditional pull-out style handles are more economical than interior profile handles.
Areas to economize:
- Finishes – Laminate finishes are not only budget-friendly but also easy to maintain. Available in various designs, they can make your kitchen look sophisticated without straining your finances.
- Layout – A galley or parallel kitchen layout is more cost-effective than complex designs. It maximizes storage and counter space while keeping costs down.
- Cabinet styles – Open shelves cost less than closed cabinets. Consider a mix of both for optimal balance between esthetics, functionality, and budget.
- Backsplash – Ceramic dado tiles offer an elegant yet affordable option compared to premium backsplash materials.
Above all, remember that semi-modular kitchens allow for phased implementation. This flexibility enables you to spread costs over time while gradually creating your ideal kitchen space.
Selecting the Right Layout for Your Space
The layout you select for your semi-modular kitchen significantly impacts both functionality and aesthetics. When designed thoughtfully, even compact spaces can transform into efficient cooking havens that meet all your culinary needs.
Small semi-modular kitchen considerations
Limited space requires strategic planning to ensure maximum utility without sacrificing style. Firstly, consider vertical storage solutions that utilize the full height of your kitchen. Minimal, small semi-modular kitchens work exceptionally well in apartments and smaller households.
For compact spaces, these design elements make a substantial difference:
- Open shelving concepts enhance accessibility while maintaining a contemporary esthetic
- Under-cabinet lighting creates an illusion of spaciousness
- Light color palettes reflect more light, making the space appear larger
- Pull-out accessories maximize storage in narrow areas
A compact U-shaped modular kitchen layout perfectly adapts to small spaces by efficiently using every inch available. This design ensures all areas remain accessible, making your kitchen both functional and efficient regardless of size constraints.
L shape semi modular kitchen designs
L-shaped kitchens have become increasingly popular due to their remarkable versatility and practicality. This configuration utilizes two perpendicular walls—typically one long wall and one shorter one—creating the characteristic L-shape.
The primary advantage lies in how this layout naturally reduces the walking distance between major focal points—refrigerator, stove, and sink—creating what kitchen designers call the “golden triangle”. This arrangement divides kitchen zones efficiently, making meal preparation more organized and enjoyable.
Additional benefits of L-shaped semi-modular kitchens include:
- They utilize corner spaces effectively, which otherwise might go unused
- The layout creates more open floor space, improving movement and ventilation
- Two open ends provide multiple entry/exit points, enhancing kitchen accessibility
- L-shapes distribute storage and appliances evenly between both sides
For optimal functionality in an L-shaped kitchen, consider implementing the golden triangle concept, ensuring your cooktop, sink, and refrigerator form a triangle for efficient workflow.
Straight and U-shaped options
Straight kitchens represent the most economical and space-efficient option for smaller homes. A straight-line configuration places all components along a single wall, making it ideal for compact apartments or narrow spaces.
Key considerations for straight kitchens include:
- Vertical storage becomes crucial to compensate for limited horizontal space
- Work zones must be carefully planned to prevent congestion
- Incorporating a movable island or cart can add flexibility when needed
Conversely, U-shaped kitchens maximize storage and counter space by utilizing three walls in a continuous U-configuration. This layout provides ample counter area and creates a natural workflow that professional chefs prefer.
U-shaped kitchens typically require more space but offer significant advantages:
- They provide maximum storage capacity among all layouts
- The design creates a natural work triangle for efficient cooking
- Multiple people can work simultaneously without interference
- They offer excellent separation between cooking and cleaning zones
For U-shaped kitchens to function optimally, maintain a minimum clearance aisle of 3’6″ feet (1.07m), although experts recommend 4′-6′ feet (1.2-1.8m) for comfortable movement.
Each layout offers distinct advantages depending on your space constraints and cooking habits. L-shapes balance openness with efficiency, straight configurations maximize limited space, and U-shapes provide abundant storage and work areas for those with sufficient room.
Regardless of which layout you select, incorporating smart storage solutions and considering your specific cooking needs will ensure your semi-modular kitchen serves you effectively for years to come.
Essential Materials for a Low-Cost Semi Modular Kitchen Design
Selecting quality materials forms the foundation of an affordable yet durable semi-modular kitchen. The right choices can dramatically reduce costs without compromising functionality or esthetics.
Cabinet and countertop material options
Semi-modular kitchens typically incorporate engineered wood, particleboard, and other durable materials. For cabinetry, several options stand out based on durability and cost:
- MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard): Created by binding wood fibers into a single board, MDF offers a smooth texture and excellent finish when paired with laminate.
- Commercial Plywood: A long-standing favorite for kitchen design, plywood provides durability with laminated, polished surfaces.
- BWP (Boiling Waterproof): Ideal for base modules, this water-resistant material works perfectly in moisture-prone kitchen areas.
- HDMR (High-Density High Moisture Resistant): Made from fiber chips and forest wood waste, this robust board excels in kitchen shutters.
For countertops, choices range from economical to premium:
- Laminate: The most affordable option at ₹150-₹450 per sq ft, offering good durability and easy maintenance.
- Granite: A popular mid-range choice costing ₹150-₹450 per sq ft, providing excellent value.
- Quartz: A premium alternative at ₹350-₹800 per sq ft with superior durability.
- Marble: Elegant but less practical for kitchens, priced between ₹250-₹600 per sq ft.
Budget-friendly alternatives that last
Initially, many homeowners gravitate toward ready-made cabinet units that balance quality with affordability. MDF or particleboard cabinets offer cost-effective solutions in various finishes. These materials, when properly sealed and maintained, can last for years.
Countertop alternatives that won’t break the bank include:
- Laminate Countertops: Perhaps the most budget-friendly option, laminates come in numerous designs, are easy to clean, and resist scratches effectively. These surfaces typically cost between ₹200-₹400 per sq ft.
- Basic Granite: Lower-grade granite provides a luxury look without premium pricing. Unlike marble, it resists stains and doesn’t require frequent sealing.
For cabinet finishes, laminate (commonly called Sun Mica in India) represents the most economical choice. It mimics natural wood effectively but costs substantially less. Laminate finishes range from textured to high-gloss options, accommodating various design preferences.
Material combinations that work well together
Creating harmony between materials ultimately determines both aesthetics and longevity. Certain combinations work particularly well in semi-modular kitchens:
Base Structures + Finishes:
- BWP plywood base with laminate finish: Water-resistant foundation with affordable, diverse finish options
- MDF cabinets with acrylic shutters: Budget-friendly structure with moderately priced, high-gloss exterior
Countertop + Cabinet Pairings:
- Granite countertops with laminate cabinets: This balanced approach invests in a durable work surface while economizing on cabinetry
- Laminate countertops with acrylic cabinet fronts: Creates a modern look while controlling overall costs
Essentially, successful material selection involves prioritizing quality in high-use areas while finding reasonable alternatives elsewhere. Consider investing in water-resistant materials near sinks and cooking areas, where exposure to moisture is inevitable.
For those seeking both scratch and heat resistance, most semi-modular kitchen surfaces come with protective finishes. Some designs even include stainless steel or brass hardware layers for additional protection.
Remember that material choices significantly influence both initial investment and long-term satisfaction. By selecting wisely, your semi-modular kitchen can provide years of service without requiring a premium budget.
Step-by-Step Installation Process
Installing your semi-modular kitchen properly ensures functionality and longevity. The process blends factory-produced elements with on-site assembly, creating a practical balance between convenience and customization.
Preparation and measurements
Accurate preparation forms the cornerstone of successful installation. Initially, you’ll need to:
- Take precise measurements of your kitchen’s dimensions, including walls, windows, doors, and existing structures. These measurements determine the arrangement and positioning of cabinets and appliances.
- Create a detailed layout plan identifying where each element will go. Mark the positions for cabinets, drawers, hob, microwave, water filter, and electrical points.
- Check for adequate electrical wiring to power all planned appliances. Insufficient electrical capacity can cause serious problems later.
- Clear the installation area completely, removing existing cabinets, appliances, and debris to create a clean workspace for assembly.
- Assess supporting structures if planning wall-mounted units. Ensure walls can adequately support the weight of cabinets and their contents.
The semi-modular approach allows you to work with existing structures like built-in countertops and sinks, saving both time and money. For rental properties or homes with newer countertops, this presents a significant advantage as you won’t need to replace these elements.
Base unit installation
With preparations complete, the base unit installation begins:
- Mark the floor for base cabinet rails, ensuring correct alignment and spacing.
- Secure the rails to the floor using appropriate screws and a drill. These rails provide stability and proper alignment for your cabinets.
- Position the base cabinets with assistance from another person. Place them accurately on the rails you’ve installed.
- Fasten cabinets to rails using screws, checking repeatedly for level and proper alignment.
In semi-modular kitchens, this stage often involves working around existing structures. Unlike fully modular installations, you’ll need to adapt cabinet placement to accommodate fixed elements like countertops and pillars. Throughout the process, ensure all elements remain level and aligned – even small deviations can cause significant issues over time.
Countertop and upper cabinet fitting
After completing the base installation, proceed with upper cabinets and countertops:
- Locate wall studs using a stud finder. These provide the necessary support for upper cabinets.
- Install upper cabinet rails on the wall, ensuring they’re perfectly level and properly spaced.
- Mount upper cabinets to the rails using screws. Verify they’re secure and aligned before proceeding.
- Install countertops according to manufacturer instructions if you’re replacing them. For existing countertops, carefully work around them.
- Add finishing touches like drawer organizers, shelving, and lighting to enhance functionality.
Installation timeframes for semi-modular kitchens typically run between 35-45 days, longer than fully modular options but shorter than traditional carpenter-built kitchens. Notably, existing structures and any additional customization requirements may extend this timeline.
For existing kitchens undergoing renovation, consider covering vertical supports (made of brick or concrete) with laminate paneling to achieve a more cohesive look. Remember that built-in hobs or cooktops generally cannot be installed in semi-modular kitchens with existing stone countertops, as cutting into these surfaces isn’t advisable.
The semi-modular approach delivers both affordability and customization. By maintaining certain existing elements while upgrading others, you create a kitchen that meets your needs without requiring complete reconstruction.
Smart Storage Solutions for Semi-Modular Kitchens
Effective storage maximizes functionality in any semi-modular kitchen design. By implementing creative storage solutions, even the smallest kitchen can become organized, accessible, and clutter-free.
Maximizing corner spaces
Corner spaces often become wasted areas in kitchens without proper planning. Fortunately, several clever solutions exist specifically for these challenging spots:
Lazy Susans transform awkward corners into accessible storage areas with their rotating trays, making it easy to reach items placed in the darkest corners while improving overall storage capacity. Pull-out carousel units provide another excellent option, with rotating mechanisms that bring contents fully into view.
For L-shaped semi-modular kitchens, corner storage becomes even more critical as these layouts naturally create corner junctions. Corner spinning units utilize these spaces efficiently, turning previously inaccessible areas into valuable storage. Some models rotate up to 180 degrees, providing full visibility of kitchen utensils and tableware stored in corners.
Vertical storage options
In smaller kitchens, vertical space utilization becomes essential. Tall cabinets serve as excellent storage for pantry items, cleaning materials, and everyday essentials. These units can be modified with pull-out shelves, baskets, and drawers to keep everything organized and easily accessible.
Pull-out pantry shelves represent another innovative solution, providing quick access to products while increasing storage capacity. These slim cabinets integrate seamlessly into your kitchen design, creating a dedicated space for dry goods and canned items.
For truly maximizing vertical space, consider:
- Ceiling-height cabinets for storing less frequently used items
- Wall-mounted rails and hooks for hanging utensils and pots
- Adjustable shelving that can be reconfigured as needs change
Multi-functional storage ideas
Smart storage goes beyond basic cabinets to include specialized solutions that serve multiple purposes. Drawer organizers keep utensils, cutlery, and kitchen staples neatly arranged and easily accessible. From customizable dividers to specialized inserts for knives and spices, these organizers maximize drawer storage.
The space under the sink, typically overlooked, can become valuable storage with pull-out baskets, adjustable shelves, and custom-fit drawers. This area works perfectly for cleaning supplies and other essentials.
For small appliances like toasters and coffee machines, dedicated appliance storage units keep these items accessible yet out of sight. Consider customizing drawers and shelves in your kitchen island specifically for flatware, baking sheets, or miniature appliances.
Through thoughtful planning and implementation of these storage solutions, your semi modular kitchen will deliver impressive functionality regardless of its size.
Maintenance Tips for Long-Lasting Results
Proper maintenance ensures your semi-modular kitchen remains beautiful and functional for years. Taking care of your investment doesn’t require complex procedures—just consistent attention and knowing which areas need special care.
Daily cleaning routines
A systematic approach to kitchen cleanliness prevents long-term issues. For countertops, use gentle cleaning agents rather than harsh chemicals that can damage the finish. Wipe surfaces daily with a soft cloth and mild detergent solution to prevent buildup of grease and grime. This simple habit significantly extends the life of your kitchen surfaces.
For sinks, remove food scraps promptly to maintain smooth plumbing. Steel sinks should be cleaned using only nylon scrubbing pads to avoid scratches. Subsequently, a mixture of water and vinegar keeps germs and unpleasant odors at bay.
Cabinet maintenance requires closing doors during cooking to prevent sticky residue inside. Furthermore, always dry freshly washed utensils before storing them to prevent bacterial growth. End each day by sweeping or mopping the floor—yet avoid flooding with water as this can damage cabinet doors.
Preventing moisture damage
Water damage represents one of the biggest threats to your semi-modular kitchen. Clean spills immediately, as water can swell and ruin cabinets and countertops. Likewise, examine joints around sinks and countertops regularly, resealing with waterproof sealant when necessary.
The areas beneath sinks deserve particular attention. Inspect plumbing connections periodically for minor leaks before they cause major damage. Throughout the kitchen, ensure no cracks or gaps exist where moisture can penetrate or pests might enter.
When and how to update components
Even well-maintained kitchens eventually need updates. Cabinet hardware inevitably gathers grime, so clean hinges and handles regularly. Periodically tighten loose screws in cabinet doors, drawers, and handles to ensure smooth operation.
For appliances, follow manufacturer-recommended maintenance schedules. Annually, consider professional cleaning of exhaust fans, vents, and dehumidifiers to maintain optimal function.
Spring presents an ideal time for thorough cleaning—empty cabinets completely, clean inside and out, and reorganize kitchen supplies. During winter months, check seals and joints as cold temperatures can cause materials to contract.
For longevity, select durable materials like laminate finishes, which offer affordability while mimicking more expensive options such as stone or solid wood.
